穿心電容的應用:饋通濾波器,如何實現高頻濾波
一、穿心(xin)電容簡(jian)介
穿(chuan)心電(dian)(dian)(dian)容是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)一種(zhong),它(ta)是(shi)(shi)三(san)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)容,作(zuo)(zuo)用是(shi)(shi)消除高頻。不像普通的(de)三(san)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)容,穿(chuan)心電(dian)(dian)(dian)容它(ta)是(shi)(shi)直(zhi)接(jie)安裝(zhuang)在金(jin)屬面板上,這(zhe)樣一來接(jie)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)感更小,對(dui)于引線電(dian)(dian)(dian)感的(de)影響(xiang)幾(ji)乎可(ke)以忽略不計,因此,穿(chuan)心電(dian)(dian)(dian)容有很(hen)好的(de)濾波作(zuo)(zuo)用,對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁干擾抑制(zhi)效果也就越好,特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)于工作(zuo)(zuo)頻率高的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備(bei)
二、什么是濾波(bo)?
我們都知道:電(dian)(dian)壓或電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)頻率越高(gao),越容(rong)易產生輻(fu)射,除了改電(dian)(dian)路(lu)板、增(zeng)加必要的(de)(de)磁環,其實(shi)還有濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)波器,很多時候(hou),減少輻(fu)射帶來干(gan)擾(rao)有時候(hou)會加相應的(de)(de)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)波器,這(zhe)樣對于高(gao)頻干(gan)擾(rao)信號就能起(qi)到很大的(de)(de)衰減作(zuo)用(yong)。對于普通(tong)干(gan)擾(rao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)波器的(de)(de)有效濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)波頻率范(fan)圍為數(shu)kHz到數(shu)十MHz,而射頻干(gan)擾(rao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)波器的(de)(de)有效濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)波頻率范(fan)圍從數(shu)kHz到GHz以上。
由于普通的(de)電(dian)(dian)容不(bu)是理想(xiang)電(dian)(dian)容,不(bu)能有效地(di)濾除高頻(pin)噪聲,這是由于:①電(dian)(dian)容引線電(dian)(dian)感(gan)造成電(dian)(dian)容諧振,對高頻(pin)信(xin)號呈現較大的(de)阻抗,削弱了對高頻(pin)信(xin)號的(de)旁(pang)路作用;②導線之(zhi)間的(de)寄生電(dian)(dian)容使高頻(pin)信(xin)號發(fa)生耦合,降(jiang)低了濾波(bo)效果。
三、穿心電容如何濾波?
而(er)用穿(chuan)心電(dian)容(rong)作為旁路電(dian)容(rong)可(ke)(ke)以使高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)濾波效果(guo)很好,穿(chuan)心電(dian)容(rong)具有(you)非常小(xiao)的寄生電(dian)感,旁路阻抗(kang)非常小(xiao),并(bing)且由于(yu)采用隔離(li)安(an)裝方式(shi),消除了(le)輸(shu)(shu)入輸(shu)(shu)出端之間(jian)的高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)耦合。穿(chuan)心電(dian)容(rong)可(ke)(ke)以構(gou)成各種適用于(yu)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)場合的射頻(pin)濾波器,我們也(ye)稱為“饋通濾波器”。管式(shi)穿(chuan)心電(dian)容(rong)由于(yu)具有(you)同軸性,即(ji)使在(zai)10GHz頻(pin)率下,也(ye)不會產生明顯的自諧振現象。
穿(chuan)(chuan)心電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)的介質(zhi)為陶瓷介質(zhi),而陶瓷電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)的容(rong)(rong)量(liang)會隨環境溫(wen)度變(bian)化(hua)而變(bian)化(hua),這種容(rong)(rong)量(liang)變(bian)化(hua)會影響濾波(bo)器(qi)的濾波(bo)截止率(lv)。因此,選(xuan)擇適當的陶瓷介質(zhi)對于(yu)穿(chuan)(chuan)心電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)顯得尤為重要。由于(yu)穿(chuan)(chuan)心電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)外(wai)殼為電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的另一個電(dian)(dian)極,并且與“地”接在(zai)一起,這樣高(gao)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)干(gan)擾信(xin)號從(cong)中心導體通過(guo)時就被(bei)短路到“地”,將電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)干(gan)擾消除,這就是穿(chuan)(chuan)心電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)能(neng)夠濾除噪聲(sheng)的原理。
四、饋通濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)幾種(zhong)形式(shi)饋通濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi),有(you)時(shi)候(hou)也稱為RF濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。這種(zhong)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)外形結(jie)構穿(chuan)心(xin)(xin)電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)相似, 但是會加(jia)入鐵氧(yang)體磁芯,這種(zhong)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為了(le)滿(man)足不同(tong)場(chang)合的(de)要求, 這種(zhong)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)一般(ban)有(you)五種(zhong)形式(shi):C型(xing)(xing)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、LC型(xing)(xing)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、π型(xing)(xing)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、T型(xing)(xing)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、雙T型(xing)(xing)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)五、應用(yong)場(chang)合穿(chuan)心(xin)(xin)電(dian)容以及組成的(de)個(ge)各種(zhong)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要用(yong)于濾(lv)波(bo)信(xin)號、數(shu)據線(xian)和AC電(dian)源線(xian)、電(dian)信(xin)設備、微波(bo)濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、工控機、復合電(dian)路濾(lv)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組件等。例(li)如在電(dian)腦CPU高速數(shu)據總(zong)線(xian)上加(jia)穿(chuan)心(xin)(xin)電(dian)容能夠有(you)效抑(yi)制(zhi)噪聲(sheng),在發射機上加(jia)穿(chuan)心(xin)(xin)電(dian)容對抑(yi)制(zhi)干擾有(you)很大作用(yong)。
六、安(an)裝(zhuang)注意(yi)事(shi)項由于(yu)穿心(xin)(xin)電容(rong)、饋通濾(lv)波(bo)器的(de)(de)特殊(shu)結構,為了(le)保(bao)障(zhang)濾(lv)波(bo)器的(de)(de)正常(chang)工作(zuo),濾(lv)波(bo)器的(de)(de)外(wai)殼(ke)(ke)必(bi)須足夠(gou)連(lian)接到(dao)(dao)面板的(de)(de)地,從而(er)為干擾提(ti)供有(you)效通路。因此:1)穿心(xin)(xin)式(shi)(shi)濾(lv)波(bo)器的(de)(de)核心(xin)(xin)是盤狀(zhuang)(zhuang)多層或(huo)管(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)陶(tao)瓷電容(rong)器。與其他陶(tao)瓷物品(pin)一樣,會受到(dao)(dao)溫度突變、機(ji)械(xie)震動和(he)過(guo)高(gao)電壓而(er)損(sun)壞。在安(an)裝(zhuang)穿心(xin)(xin)式(shi)(shi)濾(lv)波(bo)器到(dao)(dao)板面上,焊接濾(lv)波(bo)器的(de)(de)導針(zhen)以(yi)及(ji)整形時必(bi)須小心(xin)(xin)將(jiang)各類應力減(jian)小;2)對于(yu)安(an)裝(zhuang)螺紋(wen)型(xing)穿越式(shi)(shi)濾(lv)波(bo)器,安(an)裝(zhuang)到(dao)(dao)隔板或(huo)面板時應使用(yong)相(xiang)對外(wai)殼(ke)(ke)推薦的(de)(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)旋轉力。否則(ze),由于(yu)外(wai)殼(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)變形可(ke)以(yi)引起里面電容(rong)器損(sun)壞。