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淺談電容器運行中常見故障及預防措施！

來源：jincuigu.com.cn 發布時間：2019-12-08 返回
　　　電容器運行中常見故障。電容器運行中發生的缺陷多為滲漏油、鼓肚，其次為熔絲熔斷、爆裂以致發生爆炸事故等。
　　　

電容器


　　　1、滲漏油(you)
　　　
　　　電力電容器(qi)如果滲(shen)漏油，則水(shui)分、潮氣將進入其內部(bu)，使(shi)絕緣電阻降低。漏油導致油面下降，使(shi)引線或元件的上(shang)端露出油面，導致外殼放電或擊穿元件。滲(shen)漏油的部(bu)位多為箱(xiang)壁焊縫、套管根(gen)部(bu)法蘭和(he)帽蓋(gai)處。
　　　
　　　2、鼓肚(du)
　　　
　　　正常運(yun)行時，由于電容器(qi)的溫(wen)升(sheng)和(he)環境溫(wen)度的變(bian)化，外(wai)殼(ke)(ke)隨著(zhu)溫(wen)度變(bian)化會發生(sheng)膨脹和(he)收縮(suo)。但對(dui)外(wai)殼(ke)(ke)明顯鼓肚、塑性(xing)變(bian)形的電容器(qi)應停止(zhi)使用。這是因(yin)為內部發生(sheng)局(ju)部放電，絕(jue)緣油分解產(chan)生(sheng)大量氣體，內部壓力變(bian)大所(suo)致。
　　　
　　　3、爆(bao)炸
　　　
　　　電(dian)容器發生(sheng)爆(bao)炸(zha)，主要是內(nei)部能(neng)量過了外(wai)(wai)殼的(de)(de)耐受力。絕緣介質擊穿時(shi)，產生(sheng)電(dian)弧及熱(re)效應，使介質分解產生(sheng)氣體，導致箱內(nei)壓力變大，終引起爆(bao)炸(zha)。爆(bao)炸(zha)時(shi)能(neng)量來自電(dian)力系統和與其并聯的(de)(de)電(dian)力電(dian)容器的(de)(de)放電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)。在小電(dian)流(liu)(liu)故障長時(shi)間作用下，其輸入電(dian)容器的(de)(de)能(neng)量足(zu)以造成(cheng)外(wai)(wai)殼破裂。
　　　
　　　4、熔(rong)絲熔(rong)斷
　　　
　　　對熔(rong)(rong)絲(si)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器應進行外觀(guan)檢查，看是否存(cun)在(zai)鼓肚、過熱(re)(re)、開裂或元(yuan)件熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)狀況。外觀(guan)無明顯故障特(te)征時，一般應進行試驗，測(ce)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器容(rong)量(liang)(liang)及(ji)搖測(ce)對地絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。不(bu)過，此前亦發生(sheng)由(you)于熔(rong)(rong)絲(si)質量(liang)(liang)不(bu)好(hao)、熱(re)(re)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)夠或接觸不(bu)良而發生(sheng)熔(rong)(rong)絲(si)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)情況，更換熔(rong)(rong)絲(si)后即恢復正常。單(dan)臺大容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器因熔(rong)(rong)絲(si)接線端子接觸不(bu)良發熱(re)(re)，造(zao)成(cheng)熔(rong)(rong)絲(si)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)故障比(bi)較多(duo)。對單(dan)臺小容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器，運(yun)(yun)行中發現熔(rong)(rong)絲(si)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)，斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路器不(bu)跳閘可繼續(xu)運(yun)(yun)行，直到切除的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器過多(duo)造(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)平衡過允許值時，再(zai)進行停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)測(ce)試和處理(li)。
　　　
　　　電容器(qi)常見(jian)故障的預防(fang)措(cuo)施(shi)
　　　
　　　1、加強巡視、檢查(cha)、維護
　　　
　　　并聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器應定期停電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)(jian)查，每個季(ji)度至少(shao)1次(ci)，主要檢(jian)(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器殼(ke)體、瓷套(tao)管、安裝支(zhi)架等部位是(shi)否(fou)(fou)有(you)積塵等污物(wu)存在，并進行(xing)認(ren)真地清(qing)掃。檢(jian)(jian)查時應特別(bie)注(zhu)意各聯(lian)接點(dian)的(de)聯(lian)接是(shi)否(fou)(fou)牢固，是(shi)否(fou)(fou)松動；殼(ke)體是(shi)否(fou)(fou)鼓肚、滲（漏）油等。若發(fa)現(xian)有(you)以(yi)上(shang)現(xian)象出現(xian)，須將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器退出運(yun)行(xing)，妥善處理(li)。
　　　
　　　2、控制(zhi)運行溫(wen)度(du)
　　　
　　　在正常環境下(xia)，一般要求(qiu)并聯電容器外殼至(zhi)熱點的溫度不得(de)大于(yu)60℃，否則，須查(cha)明原因(yin)，進行(xing)處理。
　　　
　　　3、嚴格控制運行電壓(ya)
　　　
　　　并(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，須嚴格控制在允許范圍之(zhi)內。即(ji)并(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)長期運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)不得(de)大(da)于其額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值的(de)(de)百(bai)分(fen)之(zhi)10，運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)過高(gao)，將(jiang)大(da)大(da)縮短電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)。隨著運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)升高(gao)，并(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)介質(zhi)損耗(hao)將(jiang)變大(da)，使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)溫度上升，加快(kuai)(kuai)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)絕(jue)(jue)緣的(de)(de)老(lao)化(hua)(hua)速度，造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)內絕(jue)(jue)緣過早老(lao)化(hua)(hua)、擊穿(chuan)而損壞。此外，在過高(gao)的(de)(de)運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)作用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)內部的(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣介質(zhi)會發(fa)生(sheng)局部老(lao)化(hua)(hua)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)越高(gao)，老(lao)化(hua)(hua)越快(kuai)(kuai)，壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)越短。并(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)長期運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)若高(gao)于其額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)百(bai)分(fen)之(zhi)20，其使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)將(jiang)是正常情況的(de)(de)0.3倍左右。
　　　
　　　所以，應(ying)(ying)根據當(dang)地(di)電(dian)網運(yun)行(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)實際情(qing)況，合(he)理選擇額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)值，使其(qi)長(chang)期運(yun)行(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)(bu)大于電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)值的(de)1.1倍(bei)，當(dang)然(ran)實際運(yun)行(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)低也是十分不(bu)(bu)利(li)的(de)，因為(wei)并(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)所輸出(chu)的(de)無功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)是與其(qi)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)平方成(cheng)正比的(de)。若運(yun)行(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)低，將使電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)輸出(chu)的(de)無功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)減(jian)少，無法完成(cheng)無功(gong)補(bu)償的(de)任務(wu)，失(shi)去了裝設并(bing)聯(lian)補(bu)償電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)應(ying)(ying)起(qi)的(de)作用(yong)。所以在(zai)實際運(yun)行(xing)(xing)中，一定(ding)要設法使并(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)長(chang)期保持在(zai)其(qi)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)百分之(zhi)(zhi)95～百分之(zhi)(zhi)105，至高運(yun)行(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)(bu)得大于其(qi)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)值的(de)百分之(zhi)(zhi)110。
　　　
　　　4、防止諧波
　　　
　　　在電網(wang)(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)有許多諧波源存在，如果在設置并聯電容(rong)器(qi)的(de)網(wang)(wang)點處諧波過大，若直接投入(ru)并聯電容(rong)器(qi)，往(wang)往(wang)會使電網(wang)(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)諧波更大，對(dui)并聯電容(rong)器(qi)的(de)使用造成非常大的(de)威脅。
　　　
　　　采取(qu)裝設串聯(lian)電(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)的(de)(de)方法，能夠(gou)有效地避免諧波分量(liang)及涌流的(de)(de)發生，對確保并(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)容器(qi)的(de)(de)運行具有明顯的(de)(de)效果(guo)。有條件的(de)(de)地方應事先對并(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)容器(qi)安裝處的(de)(de)諧波分量(liang)進行測試，并(bing)根據測試結果(guo)確定所(suo)需安裝的(de)(de)串聯(lian)電(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)容量(liang)。
　　　
　　　串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)的(de)(de)設置(zhi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)，也可根據所(suo)裝設的(de)(de)并聯電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)直接確定。一般情況是對(dui)5次以(yi)上的(de)(de)諧(xie)波(bo)按并聯電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)百(bai)分之(zhi)(zhi)6選(xuan)取(qu)，而對(dui)3次以(yi)上的(de)(de)諧(xie)波(bo)則應按并聯電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)百(bai)分之(zhi)(zhi)12選(xuan)取(qu)。另外，對(dui)僅考(kao)慮避免5次以(yi)上諧(xie)波(bo)放大(da)問題的(de)(de)場所(suo)（即電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)百(bai)分之(zhi)(zhi)6），還應注意(yi)防止對(dui)3次諧(xie)波(bo)的(de)(de)放大(da)問題，以(yi)確保(bao)并聯電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)運(yun)行。
　　　
　　　5、正確選用投（切）開關(guan)
　　　
　　　斷開(kai)并聯電(dian)容(rong)器時，由于開(kai)關靜、動觸頭間的(de)電(dian)弧(hu)作(zuo)用，將(jiang)會(hui)引起操作(zuo)過電(dian)壓產生，除了(le)要求將(jiang)投(tou)（切）開(kai)關的(de)容(rong)量(liang)選(xuan)得(de)比并聯電(dian)容(rong)器組的(de)容(rong)量(liang)大(da)百分之35左右以外，還須是(shi)觸頭間絕緣恢復強(qiang)度(du)高，電(dian)弧(hu)重燃性(xing)(xing)小，滅弧(hu)性(xing)(xing)能好的(de)斷路(lu)器。
　　　
　　　6、裝設(she)熔斷器保護
　　　
　　　應(ying)對每個單臺(tai)電(dian)容器(qi)設置熔(rong)斷器(qi)保護(hu)(hu)，要(yao)求(qiu)熔(rong)絲的(de)額定(ding)(ding)電(dian)流不(bu)得(de)大于被保護(hu)(hu)電(dian)容器(qi)額定(ding)(ding)電(dian)流的(de)1.3倍，這(zhe)樣可避免(mian)某臺(tai)電(dian)容器(qi)發(fa)生故(gu)障時，因(yin)得(de)不(bu)到及時切除(chu)而引(yin)起(qi)群爆事故(gu)的(de)發(fa)生。
　　　
　　　7、對不正常(chang)運行(xing)工(gong)況及時處理
　　　
　　　在運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)中發(fa)現并(bing)聯電(dian)容器出現鼓(gu)肚、接頭發(fa)熱、嚴重滲（漏(lou)）油等異常情況(kuang)，須將其(qi)退出運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)。對已發(fa)生噴油、起火、爆炸等惡性事故(gu)，應立即(ji)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)停(ting)電(dian)檢查，查明事故(gu)原因進(jin)行(xing)(xing)處理后，方(fang)可(ke)更換(huan)新(xin)電(dian)容器繼續運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)。

電(dian)容器知識

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