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歸類解析福建電容器的基本介紹!

來源:jincuigu.com.cn 發布時間:2019-10-15 返回
  
   今天分享電路元器件中另一個非常重要而且經常出現的也有很重要的元件-電容器
   

電容器


   2.電容
   
   電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器是儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)元件(jian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器由一個導(dao)體發出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場線全部終(zhong)止在另一個導(dao)體的(de)導(dao)體系構成。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)在數值上等于一個導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)級板上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷量(liang)與(yu)兩個級板之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓之比,基本單位是法拉(Farad)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器在調諧、旁路(lu)、耦合、濾(lv)波等電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中起(qi)著重要的(de)作(zuo)用。
   
   2.1分(fen)類
   
   (1) 按照結(jie)構分三大類:固定電容(rong)器、可變電容(rong)器和微調(diao)電容(rong)器。
   
   (2) 按電(dian)解(jie)(jie)質分類(lei):有(you)機介質電(dian)容(rong)器、無機介質電(dian)容(rong)器、電(dian)解(jie)(jie)電(dian)容(rong)器、電(dian)熱電(dian)容(rong)器和空氣(qi)介質電(dian)容(rong)器等。
   
   (3) 按用途分有:高頻(pin)旁路(lu)、低頻(pin)旁路(lu)、濾波、調諧(xie)、高頻(pin)耦合、低頻(pin)耦合、小型(xing)電容器。
   
   (4) 按(an)制造材(cai)料的不(bu)同可以(yi)分(fen)為(wei):瓷介電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、滌綸電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、鉭電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),還有先-進的聚丙烯電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等等。
   
   (5) 高頻旁路:陶瓷電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、云母(mu)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、玻璃膜電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、滌(di)綸(lun)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)、玻璃釉(you)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)。
   
   (6) 低頻旁路(lu):紙介電(dian)容器(qi)、陶(tao)瓷電(dian)容器(qi)、鋁電(dian)解電(dian)容器(qi)、滌綸電(dian)容器(qi)。
   
   (7) 濾波:鋁(lv)電(dian)解電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、紙介(jie)電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、復合紙介(jie)電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、液體鉭電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)。
   
   (8) 調諧:陶瓷電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、云母電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、玻(bo)璃膜電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、聚苯乙烯電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)。
   
   (9) 低耦合:紙介(jie)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、陶瓷電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、鋁電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、滌(di)綸電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、固體鉭電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)。
   
   (10) 小型電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong):金屬(shu)(shu)化紙(zhi)介電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶瓷(ci)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、鋁電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、聚苯乙(yi)烯電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、固體鉭電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、玻璃釉(you)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、金屬(shu)(shu)化滌綸電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、聚丙烯電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、云(yun)母電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。
   
   2.2 作用
   
   1. 耦(ou)合:隔直流通交流。
   
   2. 濾波:將一定頻段(duan)內的信(xin)號從總信(xin)號中(zhong)去除。
   
   3. 退耦:消除每級放大器之間的有害低頻交連。
   
   4. 高(gao)頻消振:消除放大器可能出現的高(gao)頻嘯叫。
   
   5. 諧振:用在LC諧振電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器稱為諧振電(dian)(dian)(dian)容。
   
   6. 旁路(lu)(lu):去(qu)除某一頻(pin)段的信號;全頻(pin)域旁路(lu)(lu)電容電路(lu)(lu)和高頻(pin)旁路(lu)(lu)電容電路(lu)(lu)等所去(qu)掉信號頻(pin)率(lv)不(bu)同(tong)。
   
   7. 中和:消除自激。
   
   8. 定(ding)時(shi)(shi):在需要通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)容充電(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)進行(xing)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)控制(zhi)的電(dian)(dian)路中使用定(ding)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)路,電(dian)(dian)容起控制(zhi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)常(chang)數大小(xiao)的作用。
   
   9. 積(ji)分:在電(dian)勢場(chang)掃描的同(tong)步(bu)分離電(dian)路(lu)中,采用這種積(ji)分電(dian)容電(dian)路(lu),可以從場(chang)復合同(tong)步(bu)信號(hao)中取出場(chang)同(tong)步(bu)信號(hao)。
   
   10. 微分:從各類(lei)(主要是矩形脈沖)信號(hao)中(zhong)得到尖頂(ding)脈沖觸發信號(hao)。
   
   11. 補償(chang):在卡座(zuo)的低(di)(di)音(yin)補償(chang)電(dian)路中,使用這種低(di)(di)頻(pin)補償(chang)電(dian)容電(dian)路,以提升放音(yin)信號(hao)中的低(di)(di)頻(pin)信號(hao),此外(wai),還有高頻(pin)補償(chang)電(dian)容電(dian)路。
   
   12. 自(zi)舉:常用的(de)OTL功率(lv)放大器輸出級電路(lu)采用這種自(zi)舉電容電路(lu),以通過正反饋(kui)的(de)方式少量提升信(xin)號的(de)正半周幅度。
   
   13. 分頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin):在(zai)(zai)音箱的揚(yang)聲器(qi)(qi)分頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中,使用分頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)路(lu),以使高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)揚(yang)聲器(qi)(qi)工(gong)作在(zai)(zai)高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)段,中頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)揚(yang)聲器(qi)(qi)工(gong)作在(zai)(zai)中頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)段,低頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)揚(yang)聲器(qi)(qi)工(gong)作在(zai)(zai)低頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)段。
   
   14. 負(fu)載(zai)電(dian)容(rong):是指與石英(ying)晶(jing)體諧(xie)振(zhen)器(qi)共同決(jue)定負(fu)載(zai)諧(xie)振(zhen)頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)有效外(wai)界電(dian)容(rong)。負(fu)載(zai)電(dian)容(rong)常用的(de)標(biao)準值(zhi)有16pF、20pF、30pF、50pF和100pF。負(fu)載(zai)電(dian)容(rong)可以根據具(ju)體情況作適(shi)當的(de)調(diao)整(zheng),通過(guo)調(diao)整(zheng)一(yi)般可以將諧(xie)振(zhen)器(qi)的(de)工作頻(pin)率(lv)調(diao)到標(biao)稱值(zhi)。
   
   2.3 參數(shu)
   
   1. 標(biao)稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang):為標(biao)志在電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上的電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)實際電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)與(yu)標(biao)稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)有偏差的,精(jing)度(du)(du)等(deng)級與(yu)允許誤差有對應(ying)關系。一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)常用I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ級,電(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)用Ⅳ、V、Ⅵ級表(biao)示容(rong)量(liang)(liang)精(jing)度(du)(du)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的容(rong)值,取(qu)決(jue)于在交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下工作(zuo)時(shi)所呈現(xian)的阻抗,隨著(zhu)工作(zuo)頻率、溫度(du)(du)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓以及測量(liang)(liang)方法(fa)的變化,容(rong)值會隨之變化。
   
   2. 額定電壓(ya)(ya):在(zai)較低(di)環境溫度(du)和額定環境溫度(du)下可連續加在(zai)電容(rong)器(qi)的較高(gao)直流(liu)電壓(ya)(ya)。如果(guo)工(gong)作電壓(ya)(ya)過電容(rong)器(qi)的耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya),電容(rong)器(qi)將(jiang)被擊穿,造成損壞(huai)。隨著溫度(du)的升高(gao),耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)值將(jiang)會(hui)變低(di)。
   
   3. 絕(jue)(jue)緣電阻:直(zhi)流電壓加在(zai)電容上,產生漏電電流,兩(liang)者之比稱(cheng)為絕(jue)(jue)緣電阻。通常(chang)情況下(xia),絕(jue)(jue)緣電阻越大(da)越好。
   
   4. 損耗(hao)(hao):電(dian)容在(zai)電(dian)場作用下(xia),在(zai)單(dan)位時間(jian)內因發熱所(suo)消耗(hao)(hao)的能量稱(cheng)做損耗(hao)(hao)。損耗(hao)(hao)與(yu)頻(pin)率范圍(wei)、介(jie)質、電(dian)導(dao)、電(dian)容金(jin)屬部(bu)分的電(dian)阻等有關。
   
   5. 諧(xie)振(zhen)頻(pin)率:避免電容(rong)(rong)(rong)工(gong)作(zuo)于諧(xie)振(zhen)頻(pin)率以上,當電容(rong)(rong)(rong)工(gong)作(zuo)在諧(xie)振(zhen)頻(pin)率以下時,表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)性;當過其諧(xie)振(zhen)頻(pin)率時,表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)感(gan)性。
   
   2.4 型(xing)號
   
   國產電容器的(de)型(xing)號一般(ban)由(you)四(si)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成,依次分(fen)(fen)別代表名稱、材料、分(fen)(fen)類和(he)序號。
   
   第,一部分:名稱,C表示電容(rong)。
   
   第,二部分:材(cai)料,用字母表示。
   
   A-鉭電(dian)(dian)解(jie)、B-聚(ju)苯乙(yi)烯等(deng)非級性薄膜(mo)、C-高(gao)頻陶瓷(ci)、D-鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)、E-其它(ta)材料電(dian)(dian)解(jie)、G-合(he)金電(dian)(dian)解(jie)、H-復合(he)介質、I-玻(bo)璃釉、J-金屬化紙(zhi)、L-滌綸等(deng)級性有機薄膜(mo)、N-鈮電(dian)(dian)解(jie)、O-玻(bo)璃膜(mo)、Q-漆膜(mo)、T-低頻陶瓷(ci)、V-云(yun)母紙(zhi)、Y-云(yun)母、Z-紙(zhi)介。
   
   第三部分:分類,一般(ban)用數字(zi)表示,個別用字(zi)母表示。
   
   第四部(bu)分:序號,用數(shu)字或字母表示,包括品種(zhong)、尺寸代號、溫度特性、直流工作電壓、標稱值、允許誤差、標準代號等。